NONHUMAN PRIMATE MANAGEMENT PLAN


TABLES


TABLE 1

Percent of nonhuman primates utilized at the National Institutes of Health by species

Species

Percent
Macaca mulatta 61.5
Macaca fascicularis 12.1
Saimiri sp. 11.3
Callithrix sp./Saguinus sp. 6.8
Aotus trivirgatus 4.5
Pan troglodytes 2.2
Macaca arctoides 1.3
Cebus apella 0.3


TABLE 2

Methods utilized by NIH investigators to measure nonhuman primate psychological well-being

o physiological measures
o performance during experiment
o behavior changes
o behavioral abnormalities (stereotypies, self-abuse, masturbation, coprophagy, urine-drinking)
o level of aggression
o facial expressions
o hair coat quality
o response to people
o dominance over cage neighbors
o general behavior normal for species
o appetite and body weight
o quality of vocalizations
o attention to surroundings
o immunologic state
o consistency in behavior


TABLE 3

Listing and frequency of suggestions made by investigators at the National Institutes of Health
for modification of the cage environment

Suggestions

Frequency
Increase size of cage/more vertical space 20.2%
Apparatus, toys, rope, swings 17.0%
Perches, shelves (including the use of wood) 10.8%
Pair/group house 7.7%
Vary the diet 7.0%
Natural lighting 3.9%
Provide T.V., music 3.9%
Use materials other than metal for the cage 2.3%
Decrease the number of animals in a room 2.3%
Increase the size of the rooms 2.3%
Provide a central exercise area 2.3%
Improve quality of caretaker time with animals 2.3%
Paint the walls with colors 1.6%
Wire mesh walls to increase visibility of cage neighbors 1.5%
Central social area 1.5%
Control over the environment 1.5%
Provide the animals with hiding places 1.5%
Improve the cage washing system 1.5%
Improve the watering system 1.5%
Provide nesting material for pregnant females 0.8%
Flexible barriers between animals 0.8%
Padded cages for recovery from anesthesia 0.8%
Mirrors, house across from each other 0.8%
Provide time outdoors 0.8%
Feed throughout the day 0.8%
Improve room lighting 0.8%
Increase predictability of daily routine 0.8%
Outdoor view, e.g via a window 0.8%


TABLE 4

Methods of measuring status of nonhuman primate psychological
well-being utilized by NIH veterinarians

self-mutilation
stereotypies
over-reaction to a stimulus
distress calls
physical appearance
appetite


TABLE 5

Recommendations by NIH veterinarians for nonhuman primate housing changes

social housing
perches in the cage
manipulanda in the cage
puzzle feeders on the cage
transport cage train the animals
exercise area
visual barriers for group housed animals
computerized watering system for isolator cages


TABLE 6

Categorization of References by Method of Assessing Well-Being

METHOD

AUTHOR

SPECIES

Behavioral Alexander & Roth 1971 Japanese macaque
Anderson 1983 Stumptail macaque
Baldwin & Suomi 1974 Rhesus
Bayne 1989 Rhesus
Bayne et al. 1989 Rhesus
Bayne & McCully 1989 Rhesus
Bernstein 1967 Chimpanzee
Bloom et al. 1989 Rhesus
Bloomsmith 1988 Chimpanzee
Bryant et al. 1988 Cynomologus
Chamove et al. 1973 Rhesus
Chamove et al. 1984 Stumptail
Champoux et al. 1987 Rhesus
Colman et al. 1976 Human
Cooper & Markowitz 1979 Chimpanzee
Crockett et al. 1989 Macaques
Dennis 1955 Capuchin
Dienske et al. 1980 Rhesus
Draper & Bernstein 1963 Rhesus
Eckert & Grober 1986 Owl
Elton & Anderson 1977 Baboons
Erwin 1979 Pigtail
Erwin & Deni 1979 Rhesus
Erwin 1986 Rhesus, Pigtail
Evans 1984 Marmosets
Fenton & Penny 1985 Human
Fritz & Fritz 1979 Chimpanzee
Gallup 1977 Cynomolgus
Gallup et al. 1980 Rhesus
Gallup 1982 Monkeys & Apes
Hall 1962 Patas
Harlow et al. 1971 Rhesus
Harlow & Suomi 1971 Monkeys & Apes
Horn 1980 Chimpanzee
Huebner & King 1979 Rhesus
Huebner & Kong 1984 Squirrel
Itakura 1987 Japanese macaque
Kraemer & McKinney 1979 Rhesus
Line 1987a Rhesus
Line 1987b Rhesus
MacLean 1964 Squirrel
Mineka et al. 1986 Rhesus
Nash & Chilton 1986 Galago
Novak & Harlow 1975 Rhesus
Novak 1979 Rhesus
Novak & Drewsen 1988 Rhesus
Oates 1987 Monkeys & Apes
O'Neill 1987 Rhesus
O'Neill 1988 Rhesus
O'Neill 1989 Rhesus
Paulk et al. 1977 Rhesus
Reinhardt et al. 1987a Rhesus
Reinhardt et al. 1987b Rhesus
Reinhardt 1989 Rhesus
Renquist & Judge 1985 Rhesus
Ruppenthal et al. 1976 Rhesus
Schmidt et al. 1989 Rhesus
Simpson 1984 Rhesus
Southwick 1967 Rhesus
Suomi et al. 1970 Rhesus
Suomi et al. 1971 Rhesus
Suomi & Harlow 1972 Rhesus
Suomi et al. 1973 Rhesus
Suomi 1973 Rhesus
Suomi et al. 1976 Rhesus
Suomi 1983 Rhesus
Watson et al. 1989 Cynomologus
Westergaard/Fragaszy 1985 Cebus
Westergaard/Lindquist 1987 Lion-tail macaque
Williams et al. 1989 Squirrel
Wolff 1989 Squirrel
Ecological Baldwin et al. 1981 Chimpanzee
Anderson et al. 1983 Chimpanzee
Horn 1980 Chimpanzee
Physiological Pearce & Beauchamp 1988 Cynomolgus
Stanton et al. 1985 Squirrel
Line 1987b Rhesus
Immunological Coe et al. 1985 Squirrel & Rhesus
Coe et al. 1988 Squirrel





[Table of Contents]

[Regulations & Standards]