APPENDIX 1--Behaviors Considered to be Abnormal*

• Qualitatively Abnormal Behaviors
  • Bizarre Postures
    • Floating Limb
    • Self-Biting
    • Self-Clasping & Self-Grasping
    • Saluting
  • Stereotyped Motor Acts
    • Stereotyped Pacing
    • Head Weaving or Tossing
    • Bouncing in Place
    • Somersaulting
    • Rocking
  • Appetitive Disorders
    • Coprophagia
    • Urine Drinking
  • Sexual Disorders
    • Autoerotic Stimulation
• Quantitatively Abnormal Behaviors
  • Increased or Decrease Activity
  • Appetitive Disorders
    • Hyperphagia
    • Hypophagia
    • Polydipsia
  • Agonistic Disorders
    • Hyperaggression
    * Based on Erwin & Deni, 1979.

APPENDIX 2--Chimpanzee Enrichment Program

Note: This is in addition to the regular attention the chimp receives from the caretaker.

Grooming infant chimps - or let chimp groom you with hair brush or emery board - don't give to chimp if not returned Play with infant chimps

• tag - chase or be chased
• tickle
• tug of war with chain, etc. (select chimps)

Blow bubbles - in areas where mask is to be worn; wave wand or hold wand in front of air conditioner to make bubbles

Show pictures in magazines, books, photos do not let chimp have item

New objects for chimp to see mechanical toys, tools, etc.

FUN FOODS

                              Amount per chimp

Nuts in shell - peanuts, not salted     1 cup

Sunflower seeds                         1/2 cup

Popcorn, no salt or butter              1 cup

Frozen fruit or vegetables              1 piece

Peanut butter in cup                    1/4 cup

Raisins                                 1/4 cup

Oatmeal - flavored                      1/2 cup

Cereal                                  1/2 cup

Yogurt, nonfat                          1/2 cup

Fruit juice                             1 cup

PUZZLES

Raisin tubes - fill small plastic tube with raisins

Koolaid tub with straw - frozen koolaid in tub outside cage, provide paper straw or tube

Popcorn in bag - lunch size bag for individuals or large paper bag for group, place on top of cage

Pipe feeder - attached outside cage, filled with honey, juice, etc.

Puzzle box with peanuts, raisins, primatreats - on top of cage

King kong toys filled with food

Frozen koolaid, juice, applesauce ice cubes or ice blocks

NON-FOOD ITEMS

Unbreakable mirror

Toothbrush and toothpaste - only give toothbrush to animals that will not destroy it immediately

Magazine - several pages per chimp

Newspaper - several pages per chimp

Crayons/Paint/Chalk with paper - one piece paper and small piece of crayon, paint, or chalk per chimp (encourage chimp to give picture back)

Toys (if approved)

Toilet paper - one roll per group, or several feet per individual

Boxes

Feed sack - no string or plastic

GUIDELINES

• 1. Use good judgement. Every chimp has a personality and mood of its own. Be careful of chimps that may grab at you. Not all activities will be possible with all chimps. Have any new toys or items approved with supervisor or veterinarian.
• 2. Do not force frightened chimps to participate. Some animals may take some time to become accustomed to the new routine (especially in the huts). They may react by withdrawing or being aggressive to new items.
• 3. Show lots of enthusiasm. Build up the excitement when entering the area. Talk favorably to the chimps and be very interested in the activity. Food grunts or hoots will help. Remember - in some cases you are the only variety and stimulation these animals receive. They are depending on you!
• 4. Urge animals to return items to you (such as toothbrush, toys, pictures) and reward them if they do. A wider variety of play items can be used with animals that return things. Also, urge chimps to come to the front of the cage to engage in the activity. This training may help the technicians when they need to sedate an animal.
• 5. Before hosing down each area, pick up or sweep up pieces of bags, boxes, toys or other items that will not go down the drain. Each caretaker will be responsible for cleaning up the area properly. If brooms or new drain covers are needed, contact your supervisor.
• 6. Be sure to fill out Enrichment data sheet completely. This is important for several reasons. Since the U.S. Congress has mandated that we provide for the psychological well- being of non-human primates, this is concrete evidence that we are doing our best to do so. Secondly, the data from the rating scale is invaluable in recommending further activities for particular animals, in testing the effectiveness of certain activities, and in plotting changes in behavior or possible early signs of illness. Also, the information may be used to publish data on environmental enrichment.
• 7. This enrichment program is also for the caretakers. You should develop a better relationship with the chimps, and have fun doing it. Your job is very important, and you should be proud of the excellent care you are capable of giving our primate cousins!

ENRICHMENT SCHEDULE (EXAMPLE)
.	Week 1	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4
MONDAY	Emery Board	Bubbles	Tickle/Tag	Brush
TUESDAY	Unshelled nuts	Frozen banana	Popcorn	Raisins
WEDNESDAY	Raisin tube	Popcorn bag	Koolaid	Pipe feeder (honey)
THURSDAY	Yogurt cup	Sunflower seeds	Peanut butter cup	Oatmeal
FRIDAY	Toilet paper	Feed sack	Crayons/chalk	Newspaper

Tang and vitamins every day.

Bonding: The formation of social attachments which when temporarily or permanently disrupted result in a psychologically distressing syndrome known as separation anxiety.

Positive Reinforcement: The receipt of a pleasant stimulus by an animal after a specified response is made, thereby increasing the probability that the same response will be made again.

Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when an unpleasant stimulus is stopped when an animal makes a specified response, thereby increasing the probability that the response will be made again.

Social Housing: A living environment in which two or more animals are maintained together. Social housing necessitates compatibility and may or may not result in bonding.

Social Signal: A visual, tactile, or auditory cue made by one animal in a social situation and interpreted by another animal or the same animal.

Facility Name_____________________________________________
Reporting Period (e.g., fiscal year)______________________
Name of Responsible Individual____________________________

Those species of nonhuman primates which have been observed to live in social groups in a free-ranging state are currently being socially housed in their primary enclosure

• a) in a manner similar to the natural social structure
• b) in accord with generally accepted practices described in the literature for captive members of this species
• c) based on information contained in the NIH Nonhuman Primate Intramural Management Plan

Animals which are individually housed are maintained in this manner for reasons of over-aggression, health status, or due to justified experimental constraints (see attached for a complete listing of individually housed animals), and have been approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee and facility veterinarian.

Cage complexities (perches, toys, foraging devices, etc.) made available to socially and individually housed primates include the following:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Environmental enrichment is being given special consideration to (select the type(s) that apply):

• 1) Individually housed primate infants or juveniles
• 2) Individually housed primates that are unable to see or hear primates of their own or compatible species
• 3) Nonhuman primates in psychological distress, as determined by behavior or appearance
• 4) Nonhuman primates participating in approved animal study proposals which require restricted activity
• 5) Great apes weighing more than 110 lbs (50 kg)

Nonhuman primates experiencing restraint for more than 12 hours are provided daily with the opportunity for unrestrained activity for at least one continuous hour during the period of restraint, unless continuous restraint is required by an approved animal study proposal.

A summary of the enrichment program available to each species in the facility and standard operating procedures for its implementation are attached.

LISTING OF INDIVIDUALLY HOUSED NONHUMAN PRIMATES

JUSTIFICATION FOR ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION INDIVIDUAL HOUSING

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT TECHNIQUES IN USE:

Species Name:

     Social Enrichment  _____

        Pair ____ / Group ____

        Single Sex ____ / Mixed Sex ____

        Related ____ / Unrelated ____ / Both ____



     Nonsocial Enrichment _____

        Perch(es) ____

        Swing(s)  ____

        Mirror(s) ____

        Toys      ____

          Type(s) of toys ___________________________________

          Number of toys per primary enclosure ______________

        Dietary Description _________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

        Feeding Methods Employed ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

        Description of Interaction(s) with Animal Care Staff and

Scientific Staff:___________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

        Other Enrichment Methodologies In Use: _____________

____________________________________________________________

LISTING OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES EXEMPT FROM

 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM





ANIMAL ID    DATE MADE EXEMPT   JUSTIFICATION      SIGNATURE